There are many styles of referencing original works. When doing so in an academic publication, the main referencing systems are the Harvard (name, date) and Vancouver (numbered) systems but for scientific research papers a digital object identifier (DOI) can be sufficient for use online. Some recommendations for good practice are:
Reference to a book
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of the book. Publisher.
Kerrigan, Jo. 2018. Follow the Old Road. O’Brien Press.
Reference to a journal
Author. Year. Title of the article. Name of the journal. Publication date or journal issue, pages.
Hamilton, Sorcha. 2019. Real or fake Christmas tree – what’s better for the environment?. Irish Times Magazine. December 2019, 20-21.
Egan, Timothy & Egan, Casey. 2016. Can the Selfie Generation Unplug and Get Into Parks?. National Geographic. October 2016.
Reference to an article from an online journal
Author. Title of the article. Name of the journal [type of media]. Journal issue or publication date [time of reference]. DOI (Digital Object Identifier). Available: URL or PMID.
Bray, Alison. Rising interest in owning part of the events of 1916. Irish Independent [online article]. 29.12.2016 [accessed 23.02.2024] Available: https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rising-interest-in-owning-part-of-the-events-of-1916/35326941.html
Reference to digital material
Author. Title. Date created. Available: URL. Date accessed.
Twinkl. The Water Cycle Worksheet. 2022. Available: https://www.twinkl.ie/resource/t3-g-96-the-water-cycle-activity-sheet. Accessed 02.05.2024
Reference to an image
1. Image from a book or magazine
Name of the creator. Title of book or magazine, date of publication, page number.
Picture: Ogden, Perry. 7 Reece Mews – Francis Bacon’s Studio, 2001, 48-49.
2. Image from the internet
Image bank / Author. Name of the picture. URL. Date accessed.
Picture: iStock / ivetavaicule. Sea, boats, people and fish. https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/sea-boats-people-and-fish-gm1001378372-270687048. Accessed 04.07.2024.
3. Image from the internet with a CC License
Author. CC license. Link to the original photograph’s URL. Date accessed.
Picture: Galeotti, Georgio. CC BY4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Beckett_Bridge_-_Dublin,_Ireland_-_August_18,_2017.jpg. Accessed 02.07.2024.
Reference to a TV and radio programme
Name of the programme. Broadcast date. Network.
News at One. 31.07.2024. RTÉ Radio 1.
Reference to an interview
Name of the interviewed person. Profession. Company. Name of interviewer. Date of the interview.
Fletcher, Annie. Director, IMMA. Irish Independent. Interviewed 04.12.2022.
Reference to a Blog
Blogger’s name. Title of the post. Date of the post. URL. Date accessed.
Múinteoir Valerie. Space Week Teaching Ideas. Blogpost 29.09.2023. https://www.muinteoirvalerie.com/space-week-teaching-ideas/. Accessed 15.08.2024
References to posts in discussion forums and social media
Author. Date of the post. Name of the social media platform or forum. URL.
National Library of Ireland. @NLIreland. 30.07.2024. X/Twitter https://x.com/NLIreland/status/1818239315182334238.
The use of posts in social media and discussion forums depends on the terms of use for the service.